Hormones are generally proteins, peptides, steroids, or amines.

It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by kidneys.

Adrenaline prepares the body for emergency situations.

Insulin regulates blood glucose levels and is secreted by the pancreas.

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.

ADH increases water reabsorption in kidneys, conserving water.

Melatonin from pineal gland regulates biological clock.

Excess cortisol causes obesity, moon face, and hypertension.

Thymus gland atrophies after puberty, controlling T-cell maturation.

Low testosterone results in reduced libido and muscle mass.

Placenta secretes hCG to maintain corpus luteum and pregnancy.

It results from low cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex.

The parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels via PTH.

Excess GH after growth leads to acromegaly.

Somatostatin from hypothalamus inhibits GH and TSH secretion.

Glucagon increases blood glucose level by promoting glycogen breakdown.

Pituitary is called the “Master gland” as it regulates other endocrine glands.

Oxytocin causes milk ejection during lactation.

Estrogen promotes uterine growth and blood flow during pregnancy.

LH surge triggers ovulation from mature Graafian follicle.

Weakness, low BP, and dark pigmentation due to cortisol deficiency.

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism causing goitre and exophthalmos.

The Islets of Langerhans are the endocrine portion of the pancreas.

PCOS presents with irregular menstruation, obesity, and hyperandrogenism.

Cortisol regulates metabolism and helps body resist stress.

The anterior pituitary secretes growth hormone (GH).

Absence of menstruation for three consecutive cycles or six months.

The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

Thyroxine controls body metabolism and energy usage.

PTH increases blood calcium by bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.

Lack of insulin leads to high blood glucose.

Calcitonin from thyroid reduces blood calcium level.

Oxytocin from posterior pituitary causes uterine contraction and milk ejection.

ADH acts on kidneys to increase water reabsorption.

Insulin decreases blood glucose by converting it into glycogen for storage.

The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Adrenaline increases cardiac output and blood pressure.

Progesterone maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy.

Low thyroxine slows metabolism, leading to Myxedema in adults or Cretinism in children.

Increased metabolism causes weight loss, irritability, and heat intolerance.

Thyroxine contains iodine.

LH/FSH ratio is increased leading to anovulation.

Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland regulates sleep-wake rhythm.

Posterior pituitary stores and releases ADH and Oxytocin made in hypothalamus.

Pancreas has both hormonal (insulin) and digestive functions.

It causes gigantism due to increased bone growth before epiphyseal closure.

FSH stimulates ovarian follicle growth and estrogen secretion.

Testosterone regulates male secondary sexual characteristics.

The adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones like cortisol and aldosterone.

FSH and LH regulate ovulation and ovarian hormone secretion.