A healthy adult excretes about 1–2 liters (1000–2000 ml) of urine per day.

Protein digestion occurs mainly in the small intestine using pancreatic enzymes like trypsin.

A healthy adult breathes 16–20 times per minute at rest.

Histology involves microscopic examination of tissues and cell structure.

Human blood remains slightly alkaline, between 7.35 and 7.45 pH.

The myocardium is the muscular layer that contracts to pump blood throughout the body.

Potassium is the major intracellular cation essential for nerve impulse and muscle contraction.

A healthy newborn usually weighs between 2.5 to 3.5 kilograms at birth.

Pulse is produced by rhythmic expansion of arteries due to heartbeats, commonly felt at the radial artery.

MUAC is a simple method to detect malnutrition in children under five years.

The term “Parturition” refers to the natural process of labor and delivery of the baby.

Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), using a sphygmomanometer.

Measles symptoms appear about 10–14 days after exposure to the virus.

Diabetes causes polyuria (frequent urination) due to excess glucose filtered by kidneys.

Psychology scientifically studies human mind, behavior, emotions, and thought processes.

Vaccines provide active acquired immunity by stimulating antibody production without causing disease.

The nursing process begins with assessment—collecting patient data through observation, interview, and physical examination.

Temperature above 100°F indicates fever and should be promptly reported to physician.

The placenta produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy by preventing uterine contractions.

Average hemoglobin level in females ranges from 12 to 16 g/dl; lower levels indicate anemia.

The carotid artery delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the brain.

Aphasia is loss of speech ability due to damage in language areas of the brain.

Newborns have a fast heart rate ranging from 120–160 beats per minute.

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides immunity against tuberculosis.

Malaria is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes carrying Plasmodium parasites.

During fire emergencies, priority is patient safety—remove them from immediate danger first.

The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) provides active immunity against poliomyelitis virus.

Each kidney has about one million nephrons that filter blood, remove waste, and form urine.

The epidermis provides the first line of defense and is made mostly of keratinized cells.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) helps in collagen formation and prevents scurvy.

Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds oxygen in lungs and releases it to tissues.

The liver performs vital functions like bile secretion, metabolism, and detoxification.

People with O-negative blood lack A and B antigens, so their blood can be given to anyone.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, the first antibiotic that saved millions of lives.

Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer along with a stethoscope.

Vitamin K activates clotting factors needed for proper blood coagulation.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is a lifesaving technique for restoring breathing and heartbeat in emergencies.

Critical patients need close monitoring, so the ratio is ideally 1 nurse : 1 patient.

The average menstrual cycle lasts around 28 days, varying slightly among women.

Average oral temperature of a healthy adult is 98.6°F (37°C); helps maintain metabolic balance.

The femur is the longest and strongest bone located in the thigh region.

The phrenic nerve originates from cervical spinal nerves and controls breathing by stimulating diaphragm movement.

The heart lies in the thoracic cavity between the lungs, protected by the rib cage.

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin that transports oxygen from lungs to tissues.

Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands during breastfeeding.

Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, discovered by Robert Koch in 1882.

Autoclaving uses steam under pressure to kill all microorganisms including spores—most effective sterilization method.

The skin acts as a physical barrier preventing entry of pathogens into the body.

Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) kills viruses and bacteria effectively on contaminated surfaces.

The cerebrum controls voluntary activities, intelligence, memory, and reasoning.