Low thyroxine slows metabolism, leading to Myxedema in adults or Cretinism in children.

Increased metabolism causes weight loss, irritability, and heat intolerance.

Progesterone maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy.

Oxytocin causes milk ejection during lactation.

Excess cortisol causes obesity, moon face, and hypertension.

Testosterone regulates male secondary sexual characteristics.

The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

FSH stimulates ovarian follicle growth and estrogen secretion.

Calcitonin from thyroid reduces blood calcium level.

It causes gigantism due to increased bone growth before epiphyseal closure.

The anterior pituitary secretes growth hormone (GH).

Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland regulates sleep-wake rhythm.

The adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones like cortisol and aldosterone.

The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline.

LH surge triggers ovulation from mature Graafian follicle.

Pancreas has both hormonal (insulin) and digestive functions.

Insulin decreases blood glucose by converting it into glycogen for storage.

FSH and LH regulate ovulation and ovarian hormone secretion.

Pituitary is called the “Master gland” as it regulates other endocrine glands.

Adrenaline increases cardiac output and blood pressure.

Melatonin from pineal gland regulates biological clock.

Insulin regulates blood glucose levels and is secreted by the pancreas.

PTH increases blood calcium by bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.

Thyroxine contains iodine.

ADH increases water reabsorption in kidneys, conserving water.

It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by kidneys.

Placenta secretes hCG to maintain corpus luteum and pregnancy.

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.

Posterior pituitary stores and releases ADH and Oxytocin made in hypothalamus.

PCOS presents with irregular menstruation, obesity, and hyperandrogenism.

Cortisol regulates metabolism and helps body resist stress.

The parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels via PTH.

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism causing goitre and exophthalmos.

Absence of menstruation for three consecutive cycles or six months.

It results from low cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex.

Oxytocin from posterior pituitary causes uterine contraction and milk ejection.

The Islets of Langerhans are the endocrine portion of the pancreas.

Glucagon increases blood glucose level by promoting glycogen breakdown.

Somatostatin from hypothalamus inhibits GH and TSH secretion.

Thyroxine controls body metabolism and energy usage.

LH/FSH ratio is increased leading to anovulation.

Low testosterone results in reduced libido and muscle mass.

Hormones are generally proteins, peptides, steroids, or amines.

Estrogen promotes uterine growth and blood flow during pregnancy.

ADH acts on kidneys to increase water reabsorption.

Excess GH after growth leads to acromegaly.

Weakness, low BP, and dark pigmentation due to cortisol deficiency.

Adrenaline prepares the body for emergency situations.

Lack of insulin leads to high blood glucose.

Thymus gland atrophies after puberty, controlling T-cell maturation.