Congenital hypothyroidism leads to mental retardation and stunted growth.

Thyroid gland regulates basal metabolic rate through thyroxine.

Cortisol elevates during stress to maintain blood glucose.

Increased plasma osmolality triggers ADH secretion from posterior pituitary.

Testosterone develops beard, voice, and muscle mass.

Growth hormone (GH) affects tissues directly and also stimulates IGF-1 from the liver (tropic).

It is due to adrenal cortex insufficiency causing low cortisol.

GH suppression after glucose load is diagnostic of acromegaly.

PTH increases calcium via bone resorption and kidney retention.

ADH acts on the collecting ducts of kidneys to increase water reabsorption.

Prolactin from anterior pituitary stimulates milk production.

ACTH stimulation test distinguishes adrenal vs pituitary origin.

Many peptide hormones act via cAMP, including glucagon.

GnRH is released in pulses to maintain FSH and LH balance.

Pituitary failure causes both low TSH and low T4 levels.

Suppression of adrenal cortex due to feedback inhibition.

Aldosterone controls Na⁺ and K⁺ balance.

High TSH and low T4 levels confirm hypothyroidism.

Thyroid gland lies anteriorly in the neck below the larynx.

These are classic features of Cushing’s syndrome due to excess cortisol.

Negative feedback regulates insulin based on blood glucose levels.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestines.

Deiodinase enzyme activates T4 into biologically active T3.

ADH deficiency causes excessive urine output and thirst.

Accidental removal of parathyroid glands causes hypocalcemia.

GH excess before epiphyseal closure leads to gigantism.

High prolactin levels cause spontaneous milk discharge.

Diabetes insipidus causes water imbalance due to ADH deficiency, not glucose abnormality.

Thyroxine determines oxygen consumption and heat production.

Estrogen promotes growth of endometrium and secondary female traits.

Corpus luteum produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy.

It is an autoimmune destruction of thyroid gland causing hypothyroidism.

Addison’s disease increases ACTH leading to melanin deposition.

FSH promotes follicular development and estrogen secretion.

Zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone.

Primary hyperaldosteronism leads to sodium retention and hypertension.

Steroid hormones like cortisol are lipid-soluble and act through nuclear receptors.

Cortisol exerts negative feedback on ACTH and CRH release.

Excess ADH leads to water retention and hyponatremia.

Lack of iodine decreases thyroid hormone synthesis.

Tumor compresses optic chiasma leading to bitemporal hemianopia.

Elevated prolactin inhibits gonadotropins causing infertility and gynecomastia.

Low sodium, high potassium, and low cortisol are diagnostic.

Tumor of adrenal medulla producing catecholamines.

Chronic renal failure causes hypocalcemia leading to PTH overproduction.

Growth hormone deficiency before puberty leads to pituitary dwarfism.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus due to insulin deficiency.

ADH regulates reabsorption of water in kidneys.

Glucagon increases blood sugar by glycogen breakdown.

Hyperthyroidism increases metabolism and causes eye protrusion.