Diabetes causes polyuria (frequent urination) due to excess glucose filtered by kidneys.

Protein digestion occurs mainly in the small intestine using pancreatic enzymes like trypsin.

Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands during breastfeeding.

Average hemoglobin level in females ranges from 12 to 16 g/dl; lower levels indicate anemia.

The phrenic nerve originates from cervical spinal nerves and controls breathing by stimulating diaphragm movement.

MUAC is a simple method to detect malnutrition in children under five years.

The myocardium is the muscular layer that contracts to pump blood throughout the body.

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin that transports oxygen from lungs to tissues.

Vaccines provide active acquired immunity by stimulating antibody production without causing disease.

The carotid artery delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the brain.

Histology involves microscopic examination of tissues and cell structure.

Temperature above 100°F indicates fever and should be promptly reported to physician.

The average menstrual cycle lasts around 28 days, varying slightly among women.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, the first antibiotic that saved millions of lives.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is a lifesaving technique for restoring breathing and heartbeat in emergencies.

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides immunity against tuberculosis.

The term “Parturition” refers to the natural process of labor and delivery of the baby.

Pulse is produced by rhythmic expansion of arteries due to heartbeats, commonly felt at the radial artery.

Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds oxygen in lungs and releases it to tissues.

The cerebrum controls voluntary activities, intelligence, memory, and reasoning.

During fire emergencies, priority is patient safety—remove them from immediate danger first.

Aphasia is loss of speech ability due to damage in language areas of the brain.

The liver performs vital functions like bile secretion, metabolism, and detoxification.

Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, discovered by Robert Koch in 1882.

The nursing process begins with assessment—collecting patient data through observation, interview, and physical examination.

The placenta produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy by preventing uterine contractions.

Average oral temperature of a healthy adult is 98.6°F (37°C); helps maintain metabolic balance.

Newborns have a fast heart rate ranging from 120–160 beats per minute.

A healthy adult breathes 16–20 times per minute at rest.

Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) kills viruses and bacteria effectively on contaminated surfaces.

Potassium is the major intracellular cation essential for nerve impulse and muscle contraction.

People with O-negative blood lack A and B antigens, so their blood can be given to anyone.

A healthy adult excretes about 1–2 liters (1000–2000 ml) of urine per day.

The skin acts as a physical barrier preventing entry of pathogens into the body.

Vitamin K activates clotting factors needed for proper blood coagulation.

Human blood remains slightly alkaline, between 7.35 and 7.45 pH.

The heart lies in the thoracic cavity between the lungs, protected by the rib cage.

The femur is the longest and strongest bone located in the thigh region.

The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) provides active immunity against poliomyelitis virus.

Autoclaving uses steam under pressure to kill all microorganisms including spores—most effective sterilization method.

Each kidney has about one million nephrons that filter blood, remove waste, and form urine.

Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), using a sphygmomanometer.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) helps in collagen formation and prevents scurvy.

The epidermis provides the first line of defense and is made mostly of keratinized cells.

Measles symptoms appear about 10–14 days after exposure to the virus.

Critical patients need close monitoring, so the ratio is ideally 1 nurse : 1 patient.

A healthy newborn usually weighs between 2.5 to 3.5 kilograms at birth.

Malaria is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes carrying Plasmodium parasites.

Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer along with a stethoscope.

Psychology scientifically studies human mind, behavior, emotions, and thought processes.