The epidermis provides the first line of defense and is made mostly of keratinized cells.

Vitamin K activates clotting factors needed for proper blood coagulation.

Diabetes causes polyuria (frequent urination) due to excess glucose filtered by kidneys.

Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, discovered by Robert Koch in 1882.

Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds oxygen in lungs and releases it to tissues.

The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) provides active immunity against poliomyelitis virus.

Malaria is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes carrying Plasmodium parasites.

A healthy adult breathes 16–20 times per minute at rest.

Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), using a sphygmomanometer.

The term “Parturition” refers to the natural process of labor and delivery of the baby.

Autoclaving uses steam under pressure to kill all microorganisms including spores—most effective sterilization method.

The average menstrual cycle lasts around 28 days, varying slightly among women.

The skin acts as a physical barrier preventing entry of pathogens into the body.

The cerebrum controls voluntary activities, intelligence, memory, and reasoning.

During fire emergencies, priority is patient safety—remove them from immediate danger first.

Protein digestion occurs mainly in the small intestine using pancreatic enzymes like trypsin.

The carotid artery delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the brain.

Critical patients need close monitoring, so the ratio is ideally 1 nurse : 1 patient.

Measles symptoms appear about 10–14 days after exposure to the virus.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is a lifesaving technique for restoring breathing and heartbeat in emergencies.

Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) kills viruses and bacteria effectively on contaminated surfaces.

A healthy adult excretes about 1–2 liters (1000–2000 ml) of urine per day.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, the first antibiotic that saved millions of lives.

Average hemoglobin level in females ranges from 12 to 16 g/dl; lower levels indicate anemia.

Temperature above 100°F indicates fever and should be promptly reported to physician.

Psychology scientifically studies human mind, behavior, emotions, and thought processes.

Vaccines provide active acquired immunity by stimulating antibody production without causing disease.

A healthy newborn usually weighs between 2.5 to 3.5 kilograms at birth.

Histology involves microscopic examination of tissues and cell structure.

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin that transports oxygen from lungs to tissues.

The placenta produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy by preventing uterine contractions.

MUAC is a simple method to detect malnutrition in children under five years.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) helps in collagen formation and prevents scurvy.

Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands during breastfeeding.

Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer along with a stethoscope.

Average oral temperature of a healthy adult is 98.6°F (37°C); helps maintain metabolic balance.

Each kidney has about one million nephrons that filter blood, remove waste, and form urine.

People with O-negative blood lack A and B antigens, so their blood can be given to anyone.

The myocardium is the muscular layer that contracts to pump blood throughout the body.

The nursing process begins with assessment—collecting patient data through observation, interview, and physical examination.

The heart lies in the thoracic cavity between the lungs, protected by the rib cage.

The liver performs vital functions like bile secretion, metabolism, and detoxification.

Newborns have a fast heart rate ranging from 120–160 beats per minute.

Potassium is the major intracellular cation essential for nerve impulse and muscle contraction.

Pulse is produced by rhythmic expansion of arteries due to heartbeats, commonly felt at the radial artery.

The phrenic nerve originates from cervical spinal nerves and controls breathing by stimulating diaphragm movement.

Human blood remains slightly alkaline, between 7.35 and 7.45 pH.

Aphasia is loss of speech ability due to damage in language areas of the brain.

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides immunity against tuberculosis.

The femur is the longest and strongest bone located in the thigh region.