FSH and LH regulate ovulation and ovarian hormone secretion.

Low testosterone results in reduced libido and muscle mass.

PTH increases blood calcium by bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.

Estrogen promotes uterine growth and blood flow during pregnancy.

Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland regulates sleep-wake rhythm.

Adrenaline increases cardiac output and blood pressure.

ADH acts on kidneys to increase water reabsorption.

The adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones like cortisol and aldosterone.

Lack of insulin leads to high blood glucose.

LH/FSH ratio is increased leading to anovulation.

The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Pancreas has both hormonal (insulin) and digestive functions.

PCOS presents with irregular menstruation, obesity, and hyperandrogenism.

Placenta secretes hCG to maintain corpus luteum and pregnancy.

FSH stimulates ovarian follicle growth and estrogen secretion.

Adrenaline prepares the body for emergency situations.

Calcitonin from thyroid reduces blood calcium level.

ADH increases water reabsorption in kidneys, conserving water.

Oxytocin causes milk ejection during lactation.

Absence of menstruation for three consecutive cycles or six months.

It causes gigantism due to increased bone growth before epiphyseal closure.

The Islets of Langerhans are the endocrine portion of the pancreas.

The anterior pituitary secretes growth hormone (GH).

It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by kidneys.

LH surge triggers ovulation from mature Graafian follicle.

Melatonin from pineal gland regulates biological clock.

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.

Oxytocin from posterior pituitary causes uterine contraction and milk ejection.

It results from low cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex.

Progesterone maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy.

Excess cortisol causes obesity, moon face, and hypertension.

Thyroxine controls body metabolism and energy usage.

The parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels via PTH.

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism causing goitre and exophthalmos.

Pituitary is called the “Master gland” as it regulates other endocrine glands.

Hormones are generally proteins, peptides, steroids, or amines.

Increased metabolism causes weight loss, irritability, and heat intolerance.

The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

Testosterone regulates male secondary sexual characteristics.

Posterior pituitary stores and releases ADH and Oxytocin made in hypothalamus.

Insulin regulates blood glucose levels and is secreted by the pancreas.

Thyroxine contains iodine.

Excess GH after growth leads to acromegaly.

Low thyroxine slows metabolism, leading to Myxedema in adults or Cretinism in children.

Glucagon increases blood glucose level by promoting glycogen breakdown.

Weakness, low BP, and dark pigmentation due to cortisol deficiency.

Cortisol regulates metabolism and helps body resist stress.

Thymus gland atrophies after puberty, controlling T-cell maturation.

Insulin decreases blood glucose by converting it into glycogen for storage.

Somatostatin from hypothalamus inhibits GH and TSH secretion.