Congenital hypothyroidism leads to mental retardation and stunted growth.

Many peptide hormones act via cAMP, including glucagon.

These are classic features of Cushing’s syndrome due to excess cortisol.

Hyperthyroidism increases metabolism and causes eye protrusion.

PTH increases calcium via bone resorption and kidney retention.

Accidental removal of parathyroid glands causes hypocalcemia.

Deiodinase enzyme activates T4 into biologically active T3.

Cortisol elevates during stress to maintain blood glucose.

Primary hyperaldosteronism leads to sodium retention and hypertension.

ADH deficiency causes excessive urine output and thirst.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus due to insulin deficiency.

Aldosterone controls Na⁺ and K⁺ balance.

Zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone.

Thyroid gland regulates basal metabolic rate through thyroxine.

Corpus luteum produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy.

Pituitary failure causes both low TSH and low T4 levels.

ACTH stimulation test distinguishes adrenal vs pituitary origin.

It is an autoimmune destruction of thyroid gland causing hypothyroidism.

It is due to adrenal cortex insufficiency causing low cortisol.

GH suppression after glucose load is diagnostic of acromegaly.

High TSH and low T4 levels confirm hypothyroidism.

Growth hormone deficiency before puberty leads to pituitary dwarfism.

Negative feedback regulates insulin based on blood glucose levels.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestines.

Lack of iodine decreases thyroid hormone synthesis.

Chronic renal failure causes hypocalcemia leading to PTH overproduction.

ADH acts on the collecting ducts of kidneys to increase water reabsorption.

Glucagon increases blood sugar by glycogen breakdown.

FSH promotes follicular development and estrogen secretion.

Steroid hormones like cortisol are lipid-soluble and act through nuclear receptors.

Tumor compresses optic chiasma leading to bitemporal hemianopia.

Tumor of adrenal medulla producing catecholamines.

Thyroxine determines oxygen consumption and heat production.

Testosterone develops beard, voice, and muscle mass.

Suppression of adrenal cortex due to feedback inhibition.

Thyroid gland lies anteriorly in the neck below the larynx.

Excess ADH leads to water retention and hyponatremia.

Growth hormone (GH) affects tissues directly and also stimulates IGF-1 from the liver (tropic).

Estrogen promotes growth of endometrium and secondary female traits.

Cortisol exerts negative feedback on ACTH and CRH release.

ADH regulates reabsorption of water in kidneys.

Low sodium, high potassium, and low cortisol are diagnostic.

Prolactin from anterior pituitary stimulates milk production.

Addison’s disease increases ACTH leading to melanin deposition.

GnRH is released in pulses to maintain FSH and LH balance.

High prolactin levels cause spontaneous milk discharge.

Diabetes insipidus causes water imbalance due to ADH deficiency, not glucose abnormality.

Elevated prolactin inhibits gonadotropins causing infertility and gynecomastia.

Increased plasma osmolality triggers ADH secretion from posterior pituitary.

GH excess before epiphyseal closure leads to gigantism.