The adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones like cortisol and aldosterone.

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.

Pancreas has both hormonal (insulin) and digestive functions.

Insulin decreases blood glucose by converting it into glycogen for storage.

Excess cortisol causes obesity, moon face, and hypertension.

Melatonin from pineal gland regulates biological clock.

Hormones are generally proteins, peptides, steroids, or amines.

ADH acts on kidneys to increase water reabsorption.

Lack of insulin leads to high blood glucose.

Posterior pituitary stores and releases ADH and Oxytocin made in hypothalamus.

It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by kidneys.

Thyroxine controls body metabolism and energy usage.

LH surge triggers ovulation from mature Graafian follicle.

Pituitary is called the “Master gland” as it regulates other endocrine glands.

ADH increases water reabsorption in kidneys, conserving water.

Excess GH after growth leads to acromegaly.

Low testosterone results in reduced libido and muscle mass.

Low thyroxine slows metabolism, leading to Myxedema in adults or Cretinism in children.

Oxytocin causes milk ejection during lactation.

Oxytocin from posterior pituitary causes uterine contraction and milk ejection.

Insulin regulates blood glucose levels and is secreted by the pancreas.

FSH stimulates ovarian follicle growth and estrogen secretion.

The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

Absence of menstruation for three consecutive cycles or six months.

Adrenaline increases cardiac output and blood pressure.

Weakness, low BP, and dark pigmentation due to cortisol deficiency.

The parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels via PTH.

Thyroxine contains iodine.

LH/FSH ratio is increased leading to anovulation.

PTH increases blood calcium by bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.

Placenta secretes hCG to maintain corpus luteum and pregnancy.

The anterior pituitary secretes growth hormone (GH).

The Islets of Langerhans are the endocrine portion of the pancreas.

Somatostatin from hypothalamus inhibits GH and TSH secretion.

It causes gigantism due to increased bone growth before epiphyseal closure.

Thymus gland atrophies after puberty, controlling T-cell maturation.

PCOS presents with irregular menstruation, obesity, and hyperandrogenism.

Glucagon increases blood glucose level by promoting glycogen breakdown.

Increased metabolism causes weight loss, irritability, and heat intolerance.

It results from low cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex.

Cortisol regulates metabolism and helps body resist stress.

FSH and LH regulate ovulation and ovarian hormone secretion.

Estrogen promotes uterine growth and blood flow during pregnancy.

Adrenaline prepares the body for emergency situations.

The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland regulates sleep-wake rhythm.

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism causing goitre and exophthalmos.

Progesterone maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy.

Testosterone regulates male secondary sexual characteristics.

Calcitonin from thyroid reduces blood calcium level.